INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) -5G 

    Santi Pada chakraborty, Fellow Member of the INSTITUTION of Engineers (India), Ex-SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (ELECTRICAL) , WBSEB  

   Introduction: - 5G will support connected device era. 5G will connect more and more numbers of devices to the network. 50 billion devices will be added on the internet in 2020 and will make 5G Internet of Things World. 5G will be available everywhere on the internet and technology will be more humane. Internet will be able to experience real world through probes and sensors and application will be aware of and will provide relevant services.

 IoT will transform real world to digital. If there is no network to connect the device to a network and traffic cannot be carried, Internet of Things (IoT) will remain a daydream. 5G mobile networks will be able to give shape to IoT. 5G is Iot's backbone. And the vast number of the world's mobile traffic is coming and in 2020 and 50 billion devices will be connected to the internet. Cisco estimates that by 2018 the world will need 11 times the data traffic.

    What is the Internet of Things?

   Internet of Things will connect people with the device and people will be connected to the devices and systems. It is another IT wave after computer, internet and mobile communication. If sensors and chips are embeded with objects  the objects will "think", and "feel" and will be able to "talk" with each other. These will communicate with people, internet and mobile network infrastructure. Sensors embedded things will help us to control and monitor them at any place and at any time services will be available IoT will put huge impact on our daily lives-electricity, transportation, industrial control, retail, utilities management, healthcare, water resources management, and petroleum etc. Industry will encourage manufacturers to invest more capital. In IoT there will be "Smart City", devices and sensors will be set up in every part of the city's infrastructure and will monitor all the time. The IoT has big market.China Mobile experts believe that there is close relationship between the IoT and 5G. 5G networks is more powerful, it  protects and improve energy efficiency, with it connected devices and embedded systems will spread.

    How 5G will Power the Future Internet of Things

     5G in 2020 at 50 billion things will be connected. Self-driving car will be introduced and it will communicate with the traffic light. Smart city sensor system, home appliance, industrial automation system, health care, personal drone and robots will all be wirelessly connected.    

  5G will make IoT more effective and efficient in respect of spectral efficiency. Each IoT device and the network will use the internet as much as is needed in that particular moment, and that as far as it is available. 5G will cover vast areas and Internet of Things will connect machines to machines.

   5G is next generation radio access technology, its latency is 1 ms and downlink rate is 1 Gbps. This modern technology can be connected to self-driving cars, can be used in augmented reality or virtual reality that will make driving, gaming, health care, wearable technology possible. 5G M2M and cloud-based Office and many other things can be wirelessly connected.

  100% of people will be connected to the network within few years, time 8 to 9 billion people will need connection.

  This is the way people will be educated and receive information. The current network 4G, 3G, Wi-Fi will not pass away, 5G will be added with them. Evans estimates that today it takes minutes or hours but it will be sent within second, when 5G ml will come.

  Evans says, "what compute are also connected”. Everything will be connected in our lives such as our fitness tracker,  robotic manufacturing plant, and our banking and thus our culture will be changed.

  Our children and their children will live in the home environment which would be totally different. 5G will bring revolutionary change in our shelter methods and culture.

   Our own device will not only be IoT device. the road on which we run our cars, bridge, water pipes through which    water is supplied and floodgates of the dam which controls the river water flow, ie country's all infrastructures, everything will be connected via the IoT. In 3/4 years 50 billion devices will become connected. As 4G will support 5G will enable IoT. IoT will not work successfully without 5G. If it is implemented all our devices will talk to each other: our houses, cars, watches, clothes etc. will talk to each other. 

  In fact, 2020 5G is coming. Now the carrier base station are coming in hundreds to manage users all together. But that's not enough to manage few billion new devices on 5G-IoT.  The companies will increase base station connectivity 1000 times.

   Today, it may seem to be Science fiction but after 15 years  it would be general. Devices more than 10 times the populations of this planet will be added to the internet. In IoT hundreds of billions of data the machines will send and receive.

    HOW 5G AND IoT WILL CHANGE THE WORLD

   Energy management: - On IoT the sensor switch, plug, bulbs, TV remote control devices, etc. can be connected centrally through the cloud with the control interface. Sensors and actuation systems will be connected to the internet. Oven will be remote controlled, also lights on / off can be done from remote. With IoT Power Company will adopt tele-metering system and need not go door to door to read meters.   

HOW 5G and IoT WILL CHANGE THE WORLD  

     Critical Customer Challenges: In addition to energy management of home, IoT will operate smart grid. Grid's efficiency, reliability, economy, and sustainable power generation and supply will be settled. Peak hour demand will be meet, transmission and distribution loss will reduce and increase energy efficiency, carbon footprint will reduce. Renewable energy sources (solar, wind) will be associated with grid. This will ensure reliable and self-healing networks. Generating plant will be efficient, automatic using sensors and programmable logic controller (PLC). Control can be done in cloud platform. Consumer will be given secure  quality power supply, outage will be very low. So preventive maintenance will be less and less and interruption for geographical outage will be minimized. At peak hours using predictive demand response demand will be made flat.  

  Transport: We are going to enter an era of a big data. Large automotive sector is very important; 5G will work as new catalyst. For entertainment too high speed internet is required. We need broadband, which gives best quality connection to the user, wherever they may be and at whatever speed they travel. Car will be self-driving. The devices in cars will display cars parking space. The following events can also be seen.
 "Remember, you have a meeting at a distant city and you are travelling in your self-driving car. You can take a look in back seat the presentation to be shown at meeting. The self-drive car will take you all the way. You can work, you can take a nap. Low latency internet connected car will get real time traffic information and the accidents will not occur, and it will take you the destination safely in time. This thing wills also happen.”

  Remote controlled and self-driven car will ply. Cars will connect to other self-driven cars and with the infrastructures in IoT, which will take the information with each other for more reliable and extremely fast low-latency connectivity.

  In ttransport now in some high end cars, the drivers are connected with the internet to get real time traffic information. 5G will enable additional connectivity benefits. Cars will communicate with other cars and also infrastructures to know detailed information of the traffic jam and even quickly learn   bridge condition or road block. It will decide whether your travel road is to be altered and time will be wasted. Car will talk with other smart devices, the house and it will tell the oven to heat water from remote.

  Health sector: - wireless sensor networks will remotely monitor patients’ health, blood pressure, heart etc. with embedded device, sensor network, actuator, etc. keeping the patient at home. In IoT everything is associated with internet. Health care devices, such as the MRI, CT scan or space lab test equipment will be connected with the internet. It is IoT health care technology. Parameters of all patients is stored in cloud-based storage with a gateway and analysed. To analyse all correctly 5G internet connection is required. Telemedicine will help distant treatment. Wearable health care system has too much importance. Patients will get treatment staying at home.  

  5G 'tactile internet' will enable surgeons to operate from remote. "Suppose a surgeon will undergo operation in hospital Assistants and nurses have prepared but the surgeon is not putting on clothes; he is not even visible here. This is because he is at a distance of more than one hundred miles away, and he is remotely operating with robot through tactile internet. Surgeon will see perfect view in real time video of the operation. He will see 3D scan of the part of the body of the patient through the robot arm controlling which operation is being conducted. The surgeon can feel that he has surgical instrument in his hand, understand and perfectly able to judge how and when to cut through with how much pressure, as if the surgeon is just standing next to the operation table. Such operation can also be seen. 

  Smart Home: - In IoT smart home system temperature sensors, heating controllers, burglar alarms, cameras, TV, fridge, smart lighting, and all things of the house will be connected to master controller which will control the equipments. Sensors are becoming less and less expensive, and battery life will be 10 years. Traffic efficiently will be macine type in 5G. Smart home sensor lamp, air-conditions, fan, etc. will be made off / on, and the windows will be close / open, security systems will monitor in real time and intimate owner. It was seen in science fiction before, now it will be true in IoT.  Media also will be benefitted.

   Environmental monitoring: - IoT’ s Environmental monitoring applications generally use sensor in the environment , for security, and for air or water quality and for weather or soil conditions. Movement and dwellings of the wild animals will be monitored in the forest. Apps for advance warning system for earth quake or a tsunami can be implemented and will arrange emergency service for help. In this application the IoT devices are spread in huge numbers along wide geographical area and become mobile.     

    Manufacturing: - The IoT in manufacturing is in high demand. Those who have adopted IoT in process and manufacturing use sensors and programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The IoT is applied in manufacturing to reduce human intervention. Machines will talk with other Machines and the process itself will decide and adjust as needed. This is M2M communication.  Computers are now becomig now more and more cheap, so in factory manufacturing and in other places computers are being used for more efficiency. In GE factory to manufacture battery thousands of tiny sensors are installed in various places, these have been set up to collect data at each step. They also analyse data and factory runs in automation. In factory automation Programmable Logic Controllers are used in complex Nano injection mould and also used in other easier places. Internet connection is given to PLC. From Paint gun to punch press PLC is used everywhere.   

   Network for a new generation: - To meet the needs of the users and the machines require new 5G mobile network. 5G network with present mobile radio generation and Wi-Fi will  be added to a new system. Adding a new access technology, 5G will give high speed internet service to vast numbers of small users spread in wide area. Energy costs will be cheap.  In 2020, each person will consume more than 1 GB mobile data per day. That is, each will use 60 times more data than today.

  Data Traffic volume will be more and content size will be larger, user applications will be more in higher data rate.  Interactive and streaming video, mobile internet use will be widespread. Camera and screen resolution will be more, and use of 3D video will be applied. Always-on connectivity is required in many applications to give the user real time information and notification.

 Expectations and demands of People are increasing. They want to make a big video file download immediately and get on-line games on mobile. Users want to do these in indoor and outdoor. They want better signal in those places, where

better signal is not available such as in inside of airports and shopping malls.

   A new world of uses: -  

  Augmented reality dashboard will be used, such as in Heads-Up-Display in Aircraft. Cars will be connected. Many car manufacturers are putting now 3D based imaging and sensor to help the drivers. Cars and other infrastructures will communicate wirelessly and also with connected pedestrians in the future. In next phase remotely controlled or self-drwill run for which high reliability and very fast communication (high data rate) is needed. All of self-driving cars and cars and infrastructures will communicate among them. 

   

   Tangible Benefits
 5G will bring a lot of benefits which are not possible before. It will increase 10,000 times network capacity and at higher peak time data rate will be offered 10Gbps even though the network is highly loaded and 100 Mbps speed people will get even if they remain beyond network range. Remote surgery, factory remote control operation, logistic automation, intelligent driverless cars is there. In addition to that a lot of technology innovation will be possible. 

  Possibility are limitless- after flight landing it will track luggage so that these are not lost. At the end, smart phone will intimate if milk in the refrigerator is finished. Milk delivery car will deliver milk from wherever it stays.

  5G Making a Reality: - To make 5G reality there should have large numbers of small cells to reach all customers. 5G will use new frequencies in different band; it will share frequencies in new system. These frequencies will be used efficiently.

 To make 5G successful numerous others needs is to be met.

  In fact, since 2020 to regulate the use of all types of communications systems, it must be flexible to avoid complications. In 5G lot of small cells are to be increased so that the users get connection in the place wherever they may stay. 5G will do cloud gaming or remote control and for that low latency is needed. For video streaming according to data latency will be required.

  5G will support Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality 

  AR and VR will revolutionize entertainment, health, education, and industry, which will make the user experience joyful. It will give real live experience in moving condition.

   Virtual reality (VR) simulates real conditions with computer graphics and the user actively simulates to interact with objects.

  In flight Augmented Reality system creates a composite scene which mixes the real scene the pilot views and augment it with the computer simulated virtual scene. Aircraft Pilot will see outside scene with shipment height, speed, temperature, etc. Augmented reality (AR) is the combination of virtual reality and the live image. Live image is the scene or camera image. For example, the front side of car-window shows direction in it and It will show real world and extra information of the navigational system. AR will be used in various fields such as in industry, entertainment, Robotic, surgery. 'Augmented reality in 5G will benefit "surgery” because of 5G network latency is less than any other network.

   Tectile Internet

  5G Cellular Technology will launch tactile internet. Tactile Internet will bring a revolutionary change in our lives. Tactile Internet latency is 1 ms. After Internet of Things Tactical internet is coming. Mobile broadband Data rate is soaring, cutting age scientists have started to build Tactile internet. In other words, we can hear and see distant objects, but through tactile internet we will feel touch of the objects. Bits and bytes of data network equivalent to human touch will have to send. Our today's data network speed will not meet it.  “Fridge will say the milk in the refrigerator is running out", we can also get this facility.   

  In Tactile Internet sensor connected system reacts with actuator within 1 ms. The system which has latency 1 ms is called "Tactile Internet".

  Current cellular system round-trip latency is not even close to1 ms.  So new applications which are coming will not work. For this 5G is needed.

  With Tactile internet remote surgery can be done with robot. Self-drive cars can be run.

Vulnerable to attack:

 Putting data on cloud is integral component in IoT. Mainly cloud storage and network architecture are vulnerable to attack. Hackers may hack, so safety and security features are essential.

   

RELIANCE JIO 4G VoLTE

RELANCE JIO 4G VoLTE

     Santi Pada Chakraborty, Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India), Ex Superintending Engineer (Electrical). spchakra1324@gmail.com

  The population of India is 1.2 billion.  India is a young nation with 63% of its population under the age of 35 years. It has a fast growing digital audience with 800 million mobile connections and over 200 million internet users. Reliance thoroughly believes that India has potential to lead the world with its capabilities in innovation. Reliance envisages creation of a digital revolution in India. It has achieved 2.4 million subscribers at the end 2016. It has invested 1,7 lakh crores for net, devices and content and again will invest 30K crores coverage, capacity, speed.

Reliance Jio aims to provide rich digital services.

 Jio ensured that it will offer broadband networks, affordable smartphones. Availability of rich content and applications has enabled Jio to create an integrated business strategy from the very beginning, and today, Jio is capable of offering a unique combination of telecom, high speed data, digital commerce, media and payment.

On 5.9.16 Reliance Jio launched full-fledged 4G VoLTE service.

 Reliance Jio is giving broadband and digital service. It will offer digital service in remote villages and cities. Launching is relevant to ‘Digital India” scheme of the Government of India.

 Reliance is giving 4G VoLTE mobile set for entry level to ultra-premium user.  Reliance Jio launched full-fledged 4G service and it  is giving free apps for Rs15, 000 upto 31.3.17 like Reliance JioFi, Jio money,Jio cnemaJio TV, Jiochat, Jio clowd etc etc. 

 Reliance Jio is offering rich digital products like digital currency, digital commerce, digital education, digital healthcare, e-governance, smart cities, M2M and Internet of Things (IoT).

To  use a mobile on Jio there are two things to be  look out for — support for Jio bands, and support for 4G voice or VoLTE.

RJio operates its LTE network on three bands — 3,5 and 40. Out of these, band 40 (2300 MHz TDD) gives the best speed, but has the worst coverage, while band 5 (850 MHz) gives the best coverage, but offers speeds of only around 1.5-5 Mbps. Band 3 (1800 MHz) offers speeds of around 5-6 Mbps, compared to 10-70 Mbps on Band 40.

Most of the 4G phones being launched in India since June 2016 have support for all three bands, but you can still make sure before you buy the device. The band with the highest number of supported devices is band 3, followed by band 40. Band 5 has the least number of supported devices.

Similarly, devices built on Snapdragon’s more up-to-date chipsets such as 415, 430, 650, 652, 820, 821 and 212 have been built-in support for VoLTE.

Guide to help you work through the various terms such as VoLTE, LTE, 4G and the likes so that you know exactly what you’re getting into with the Reliance Jio service.

What is VoLTE?

VoLTE stands for Voice over LTE and is a new protocol for transmitting voice data over the LTE network. While 2G and 3G networks are circuit-switch based, 4G or LTE networks utilize Packet Switching. When a call is made over a 2G or a 3G network, a certain amount of network bandwidth is assigned to that call as a pipeline, which does not terminate till the call ends. On a VoLTE network, voice calls are broken up into packets of information, sent over the full data pipeline and then reconstructed at the receiver’s end. The result is that voice information can be carried over a higher bandwidth pipe, resulting in better call quality.

LTE and VoLTE is NOT the same.

It is essential to understand that LTE (also referred to as 4G-LTE) is a wholly IP-based communications protocol. Vodafone, Airtel and Idea allow data to go through the 4G band while sending calls calls through the 2G/3G band. LTE is the next generation data transmission protocol with higher two-way bandwidth; it is capable of only transmitting data. VoLTE is the way in which a voice call can be converted to digital packets and transmitted over the LTE network. In effect, VoLTE is a subset of the LTE technology. Jio is using VoLTE.

 Phone Compatibility

Reliance Jio’s network is purely LTE, and does not have any 2G and 3G bands and as such, calls made on this network will only be VoLTE based. Therefore, in order to use the feature, you must have a handset which is VoLTE enabled.  

 The VoLTE feature is separate and as such, phone must be VoLTE enabled. If you have an LTE enabled phone, you can use the data services of the Jio SIM. In order to make calls over the Reliance Jio network, you must either use the SIM in a VoLTE enabled phone or an LTE enabled phone on jio app available only on Android phone running Version 4.0 and up).

Turning Off Data.

Its probably not the best to turn off data on your cellphone if you’re on the Reliance Jio network. Since all traffic on the network is running over a data line, disabling data would effectively put the phone in the equivalent of airplane mode. It should be mentioned that Reliance has ensured  that data usage for voice calls will not be counted to the data allotment of the monthly plans.

HD Calling

HD Calling is being advertised as a major feature of the VoLTE. But calls are in HD only if the parties making phone call have both  Reliance’s Jio network. The call  to be made and receive from on a VoLTE enabled handset. You can still make and receive calls from other networks, but  calls quality will not be like from VoLTE call..

Reliance will offer the following

Affordable Devices: Jio has worked with all the leading device manufacturers of the world to ensure availability of 4G LTE smartphones across all price points – from ultra-premium models on one hand, to entry level models on the other.

Digital Communication: The application Jio 4G Voice brings the 4G communication suite to all smartphones. With its RCS (Rich Communication Services) features like enriched calling, Chat, File share and massaging, it redefines the calling and messaging experience. It also enables Jio’s voice and video call service on non-VoLTE smartphones.

Digital Currency: Jio envisions a new India which will use digital currency instead of paper money for a more secure and convenient way to transact. Jio Money, Jio’s digital currency and digital payments business, will play a crucial role in this by offering a platform for global, cheap and secure digital payments.

Jio Drive: Micro and small businesses will soon have access to cutting-edge cloud storage technologies which were once affordable to big companies only, giving them a new edge to compete on a global landscape. Jio Drive is an application that brings powerful cloud capabilities to every smartphone. Using Jio Drive, anyone can store, sync and share any content between their own devices and also with their friends.

Digital Education: Teachers and students from remote areas can connect with each other, crowd-source knowledge and adapt new age learning techniques and thus lift the level of education to a completely different plane.

Digital Healthcare: Expert medical advice would be available anytime, anywhere - with medical practitioners able to grow their practice without constraint, and provide quality of life to the cores people our country.

Digital Entertainment and social connectivity: Jio Chat is a powerful communication application that integrates chat, voice, video calling, conferencing, file sharing, photo sharing and much more. Jio Play enables users to watch HD TV anytime, anywhere on any device, from hundreds of channels, across categories and languages.

Jio Beats: It is a best digital music streaming service that gives instant access to millions of songs of playlists.

Jio Mags and Jio News: provide access to the most popular collection of magazines and news from leading publishing houses in  multiple languages.

Digital Entrepreneurship: Jio is building a powerful platform on which a range of rich digital products and services can be enabled - digital currency, digital commerce, digital education, digital healthcare, e-governance, Smart Cities, M2M and the Internet of Things. It does not matter whether these services are created by Jio itself, its partners or anyone globally.

Reliance is committed to the principles of Net Neutrality.
Reliance has invested Rs34000/-crores. Jio has biggest relaxed spectrum footprint. It will invest 3000 crore to improve.

 Reliance Jio has installed 2.5 lakh KM fibre-optic cable in 18,000  cities and more than 1 lakh villages. It aims that by   2018 it will provide service to 100 % people of the country. Jio has capability of giving service to 100 million wireless broadband and 20 million fiber-to-home customers. Reliance Jio has near 1/2 million sq. feet  cloud data center and multi-terabit capacity of international network .Already got 7.24 million subscribers at the end of 2016. Jio erected 1.2 lakh tower  in last March,16 and is going on erecting even  after March.

   Airtel is using  4G TDD-LTE, where Reliance 4G has launched 4G services at 1800 MHz band  using FDD-LTE technology overall leveraging  full two TDD- FDD  technologies. 

90% of India will be covered by March 2017 and will install 1 million JioFi (Wi-Fi) within middle of 2017.  JioFi 4G Wireless Hotspot retailer will enable free data, tether  or can be used in other devices.

 Pure 4G:-  Reliance service is pure 4G. It is utilizing 4G networks for voice call, massage, data and everything. Whereas Airtel, Vodafone, Idea still now using  2G, 3G for voice call and SMS. Their service is not pure 4G. They are only giving data in 4G.  In voice call and SMS automatically changed to 3G or 2G.  If call is done in Jio it become automatically VoLTE. This is pure 4G।  

Reliance JioFi:- Jio's 4G LTE Hotspot will start  Reliance JioFi in pure 4G service i.e. it will use 4G network for voice call, sending massages and data. 

SPEED:- If call is made from Jio it  automatically  become VoLTE. In pure 4G used in data so 4G Jio speed is 60Mpps, 70 Mpps and even 150Mbps. Call quality in high speed data is good.

Reliance Jio has license for launching pan-India 4G service. When implemented users will be able to downloaded 10 MB software in 2 seconds and 2GB HD movie in 1 min

DATA PLANE:-Data plan is cheaper than 3G network. IN addition  to that Jio  will provide unlimited free voice calls in lifetime, which can not be obtained from other. Moreover it is giving free SIM, daily 1GB data as new Years’ gift till 31.3.17.

  SIM:-SIM can be obtained with verification from Aadhar data and consumer’s finger print.

4G LTE Mobile 

 SANTI PADA CHAKRABORTY, FELLOW OF INSTITUITIONS OF ENGININEERS (INDIA), EX-SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (ELECTRICAL), WBSEB.   spchakra1324@gmail.com                                        

    Introduction: - Mobile communication technologies have revolutionized communications and connectivity by adding mobility. Upgrade from 1G to evolution of 4G access technologies in less than 5 years has taken place.. The use of mobile phones is increasing day by day. At present, nearly 90 million mobile phones are being used in India.  At first, talking on the cell phone or sending SMS message was simple. But the modern cell phone can be connected to the Internet  network. Moreover, the needs of human nature are such that the people always want fastest communication. As a result LTE technology is daveloped. LTE technology 4G i is fast and advanced.

4G systems.

The fourth Generation mobile (4G) system is all internet protocol ( IP) based network system.  4G technologies provide high speed, high quality, high capacity, security and low cost services for voice and data services, multimedia and internet over IP.

 It provides wireless services anytime and anywhere, terminal mobility is a key factor in 4G. 4G introduced new physical radio interface known as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and new packet –switching based core network called as Evolved Packet Core (EPC).  IP-based network architecture, allows seamless   voice and data to GSM, UMTS or CDMA2000 technology.

4G has following   characteristics:

Standards - Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex (LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD) Mobile WiMAX standard (802.16m standardized by the IEEE

Speed - 100Mbps while moving and 1Gbps while stationary with the help of following features

IP telephony

New frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth

Multiplexing/Access Technologies - OFDM, MC-CDMA, Bandwidth - 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz

Frequency Bands: - LTE standard covers a range of many different bands.

In North America, 700, 750, 800, 850, 1900, 1700/2100 (AWS), 2300 (WCS) 2500 and 2600 MHz are used (bands 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 17, 25, 26, 30, 41); 2500 MHz in South America;

700, 800, 900, 1800, 2600 MHz in Europe (bands 3, 7, 20); 800, 1800 and 2600 MHz in Asia (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 40)

1800 MHz and 2300 MHz in Australia & New Zealand (bands 3, 40).

Services - Mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing, manage multi broadcast streams and handle quick-moving mobile phones , Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB),  smooth  connection  across different  networks and automatic roaming between different wireless networks

It is a huge change in the mobile and video conferencing.  

4G implementation variants:

The LTE standard supports only Packet Switching & is all IP Network. Voice calls in GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with the adoption of LTE, carriers will have to modify their voice call network.  However since it requires lot of infrastructure changes, three different approaches are

   It's easy to say now that the future of mobile communications and mobile generation is revolutionary enhancements over the world coming to grip. From 1G to 4G mobile phone has evolved. 5G and will come after wards. 

From 1G to 3G mobile networks are being discussed below.        

      1G, 1 ^st Generation, it is a analogue system. 2 ^nd Generation is Digital system. These are GSM (Global System for Mobile) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 2 ^nd Generation Mobile Communication System sends voice at slow speed. GSM launched in 1990 , then comes CDMA. 2G narrow band digital-based. Transmission of digital data signals on 2G transmission reduced complexity and voice quality has improved a lot. 2 ^nd generation sends data at limited speed 9.6 kbps to 19.2 kbps. It can only send SMS and voice. General 2G Network 800/900 Mhz or 1800/1900 MHz spectrum range. The 2G Bandwidth 30-200 Khz.   

   2.5G - between 2G and 3G to 2.5G (GPRS) arrived. After 2G technology advanced to the  2.5G GPRS (General Pocket Radio Service) comes. Its has more bandwidth, packet routing and multimedia convention aspects are there. Circuit switching and packet switching for voice and data are used to send. Speed is 56 kbps. In 2.5G the amount of radio wave is much less. It has changed the structure of the mobile phone small. However, not much improvement was there. The world is talking. No Email, Web browsing and video are found, but it helps evolve 3G. 

     GPRS EDGE speed only 236.8 kbps. 

   3G - which has a bunch of 3G technology such as WCDMA, EV-DO and HSPA, etc.. It is 3 ^rd Generation mobile  launched in Japan in 2001.  It uses a wide banding network. Wide banding has improved voice quality.  Mobile Internet speed  2Mbps are available. The 3G bandwidth is 1.6GHz and 2.5 GHz. Data can be sent, voice and video calling can be done. Can send files and internet surfing can be done. Download speed is low. video is available

    4G LTE: -  4G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) upgrade was introduced. It's standard UMTS is developed by 3GPP.                                              

    What is called 4G LTE technology wireless? LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the Third Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP has developed very good technologies. It is well-known that GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSPA and LTE and LTE-A has been developed 3GPP. 

   The 3GPP is UMTS hybrid circuit switched / packet switched core networks converted into packet-only core network that enables higher data rates and higher throughput , delay or latency of data transfer rate is less, less costly and increase in efficiency. LTE radio wave technology has been developed. 

 Spectrum channel bandwidth 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz is found and is used efficiently.

  LTE promises data rates of 50 Mbps to 100 Mbps download, upload cell within a radius of 50 km.  400 to 200 customers in a cell be connected.  Speed is 100Mbps speed ও 1Gbps is in still condition.  

It can use Channel bandwidth from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz LTE 4G uplink and down link. There are six different bandwidth. These are 1.4 MHZ, 3MHZ, 5 MHZ, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz. In addition, the subcarrier apart from one another is 15KHz. LTE UMTS 1800 MHz frequency band and uses the serial upgrade technology. Reduces the frequency range and signal more than a lot of distance (penetration) cannot go. 

  Key Parameters (TABLE)

            3G                                                  4G

Frequency Band 1.8-2.5 GHz          2-8 Ghz

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz                        5-20 MHz

Data Rate Upto 2 Mbps                   Upto 20 Mbps

Access W-CDMA MC-CDMA or OFDM (TDMA)

Switching circuit / packet switch.

    LTE supports speeds up to 360 kmph intercell handover soft.  At 120 Kmph (vehicle speed)   4G LTE speed mobility will work well. 4G LTE supports fixed position (0 kmph), during walking (10 kmph), the vehicle running speed (120kmph) and the car speed (350 kmph) or more. Up to 500 kmph to 350 kmph speed 4G can work.   

    UMTS 3G technologies, which is the seed of the next WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA, and HSPA based LTE is a normal GSM / UMTS carrier's upgrade path. The modern version of UMTS LTE //UMTS rather than replaces.

    4G LTE smartphone with 4G network laptop modem, will support hotspot. 4G Internet surfing  can  download quickly. Video calling, video conferencing  can be done, on-line TV can be viewed.Titanic movie can be downloaded in 1 minute. It will initiate Lightning speed. The highest speed of 4G  will be 100 Mbps.  

    How 4G LTE works: -  LTE technology is very advance. LTE works in radio wave. In 4G LTE from Base station (BS) Antenna will transmit and receive the radio frequency signals from the mobile phone.  Base station Antenna connects a mobile to all land line and mobile phones.

 Base station is low-power radio transmitter and is to be installed in the rooftop or mast in area where mobile connections is to be given. Area are called cell. For seamless Connection cell should overlap. A BS can cater fewer mobile connections at a time. A outdoor base station can be 10W to 40W power. Where, a TV transmitter power is more than 1000 times. Radio Wave exposer in public areas would be lower than the safety limit. Radio intensity decreases as distance from base station increases. More base stations will have to be installed if the number of customers increases.

  Reliance Jio 4G

On  5.9.16 Reliance Jio has launched full-fledged 4G service  in the country.

Airtel 4G use TDD-LTE, Reliance 4G Jio services launched at 1800 MHz band using FDD-LTE technology overall leveraging TDD- FDD technology leverage.

Pure 4G:- Reliace Jio  is giving pure 4G service. Reliace Jio 4G network are offering voice call , SMS and data in pure 4G. where  Airtel, Vodafone, Idea offer voice calling in 2G, and 3G  and data in pure 4G.

Reliance JioFi offer  pure 4G service in voice call and also data in 4G.  Airtel, Vodafone and Idea use 3G and 2G network for  voice call and SMS. These automatically transferred to 3G or 2G. 4G Jio voice call is on pure 4G.

Voice over LTE, or VoLTE, is similar to VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), which is Internet voice applications such as Skype and  use to support voice calls over a broadband connection.

Why VoLTE is necessary?  The problem with Voice over LTE is that 4G LTE is a data-only networking technology, so it doesn’t  support voice calls. While 3G and 2G were primarily designed for voice calls  and data was added to them later.

As such it’s been necessary to create new protocols to support voice calling over 4G and it’s a big job, requiring upgrades across the entire voice call infrastructure. There’s no one standard for this, with different networks creating their own solutions.

Previous cellular networks, such as 2G and 3G, were designed mainly to carry voice calls-- data service support added later. LTE turns the network around and uses Internet Protocol packets for all communications. As such, it doesn't support traditional voice-call technology, so a new protocol and applications for Voice over LTE are needed.

 Your voice quality will not reduce in VoLTE or voice over LTE  even if your data is turned on while making and receiving a call. Where as in LTE the voice quality reduces if you keep your data on.

   Advantages Volte: Superior call quality, Improved coverage and connectivity, Better battery life, Video calling 

 Three is fully relying on its 800MHz spectrum for VoLTE calls.

SPEED:- Jio VoLTE  is giving  real 4G at high speed. Jio speed is 60Mpps, 70 Mpps ও 150Mbps. Reliance Jio pan-India has launched 4G service.  

Reliance JioFi:- Jio's 4G LTE Hotspot has started.

Reliance JioFi gives pure 4G service of  voice call using 4G network. Airtel Vodafone and Idea use 3G ও 2G network for voice call, SMS. Voice call, SMS are automatically transferred to 3G or 2G. They offer  data  in pure 4G. Jio call is done in 4G.

In a nutshell, VoLTE allows voice to become just another app that rides on a data network. The new protocol may bring faster, better voice calls and even video chat tied to your cell phone service and number. Voice-minutes billing will go away.

methods  basically "tunneled" data inside of voice-call connections.

  

      FDD-LTE versions of  LTE standard, defined by 3GPP uses FDD (frequency division duplex) or 'paired spectrum'. The uplink is on band (say 10MHz wide at 2.600GHz) and the paired downlink is another 10MHz at a sepated frequency (eg 2.720GHz) This is sometimes called 10+10. It is symmetric and uses two frequencies one up, one down.

In LTE the differences are nearly all in the duplex method (implication in radio and allocation / scheduling) but it is very sensible / credible to make dual mode systems. There are no significant differences in applications or usage.

   TD-LTE is Time division. It has one frequency band, and switches between up and down in turn as a 'ping-pong'.

    As stated above,Airtel 4G use TDD-LTE, Reliance 4G Jio services launched at 1800 MHz band using FDD-LTE technology overall leveraging TDD- FDD technology leverage
    Multiple Access:-In any cellular systems must have access to multiple numbers of consumers together. There should be multiple access schemes. Variety of multiple access schemes are there such as TDMA, CDMA, or OFDMA, etc. These are the main way mobile radio system technology works.

  OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is  a multiple access which  LTE technology  is using,  because  it is more suitable for broadband or  more data transmission. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM is a radio wave modulation technique for increasing amounts of digital data  transmitted via radio wave. In this manner the number of radio signals (closely spaced) to be around a lot of orthogonal where data is broken down into sub-carrier. Different frequencies are transmitted together with the receivers. Orthogonal sub-carrier frequency OFDM reduce signal  interference or reduce the amount of crosstalk between transmission channel. Spread spectrum radio technology  is applied to 3G  but not  applied to 4G. Multi-carrier OFDMA Transmission is used instead. OFDMA is a multi-user version of OFDM Modulation Scheme and the digital time division multiple access, but it is not like the TDMA and CDMA, or code and is not shared, it's frequency domain equalization system. A divided three-time slot TDMA channel sends data. CDMA is a channel that sends data to a receiver, and is identified by a code. There is more to the effectiveness of OFDMA data packets sent shares band narrow channel. OFDM multiple access scheme for the two methods are used in cellular technology, for an uplink and a down link. BS link, which sends down signal to mobile phone all the data it receives and collects. Based on data from one or more carrier in uplink handset is assigned to each of the cellular network to send and receive data to control. spectral efficiency of OFDMA MIMO is more. Spectral efficiency or spectrum efficiency or bandwidth is the  information rate which in any  bandwidth can be send in specific communication systems. It can send much more  bit rate though much higher multi-path radio signal (echo) is spread

   Full Duplex - Each party can transmit and receive data simultaneously. The communication is two-way and two frequencies are used. one for transmitting and one for receiving.  

    
 FIG  4G LTE MIMO antenna

   MIMO:- Multiple Input Multiple Output technology  uses multiple antennas to make use of reflected signals to provide gains in channel robustness and throughput.

     MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver). MIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology . MIMO can increase throuput in scattering condition. Scattering signal is reflected in enviroment. Spread signal in different path and signal to noise ratio  are utilised to improve throughput without purchasing more spectrum.

Several different diversity modes are available and provide a number of advantages: Time diversity, frequency diversity,and apace diversity.

  Space diversity in the broadest sense of the definition is used as the basis for MIMO. It uses antennas located in different positions to take advantage of the different radio paths that exist in a typical terrestrial environment.

MIMO is  a radio antenna technology as it uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to enable a variety of signal paths to carry the data, choosing separate paths for each antenna to enable multiple signal paths to be used.

Antennas are multiple spatially distributed i.e. the use of multiple antennas located at different points. Accordingly MIMO wireless systems can be viewed as a logical extension to the smart antennas that have been used for many years to improve wireless.
It is found that between a transmitter and a receiver, the signal can take many paths. Additionally by moving the antennas even a small distance the paths used will change. The variety of paths available occurs as a result of the number of objects that come come to the side or in the direct path between the transmitter and receiver. By using MIMO, these additional paths can be used to advantage. They can be used to provide strength s to the radio link by improving the signal to noise ratio, or by increasing the link data capacity.
Use of  multiple antennas, MIMO wireless technology  will increase the capacity of a given channel while still obeying Shannon's law. By increasing the number of receive and transmit antennas it is possible to linearly increase the throughput of the channel with every pair of antennas added to the system. This makes MIMO wireless technology one of the most important  wireless techniques to be employed in recent years.
As commodity for radio communications systems, spectral bandwidth is becoming becoming costly, MIMO  techniques  are using  to available bandwidth more effectively.